Understanding VOCs in the Built Environment
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of organic chemicals that evaporate at room temperature. Commonly found in a plethora of building and interior materials, from paints to carpeting, VOCs can degrade indoor air quality and have potential health implications for occupants¹.
Health Impacts of VOC Exposure
Short-Term Exposure
Immediate symptoms related to short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs include headaches, dizziness, eye and respiratory tract irritation, and allergic skin reactions².
Chronic Exposure
Continuous or repeated exposure to VOCs over a longer period can have more severe health outcomes. These may encompass liver and kidney damage, central nervous system impairment, and an increased risk of certain cancers³.
Sensitive Groups
Certain population segments, like children, elderly individuals, and those with pre-existing health conditions, are more susceptible to the adverse effects of VOCs⁴.
Sources of VOCs in Buildings
Paints and Finishes
Traditional paints, lacquers, and varnishes are significant sources of VOCs. These compounds aid in the drying process but release fumes during and after application⁵.
Adhesives and Glues
Many industrial adhesives used in construction contain high VOC levels, contributing to off-gassing once applied⁶.
Flooring and Carpeting
Certain types of carpets, vinyl flooring, and even the adhesives used for installation can emit VOCs over time.
Sustainable Alternatives to High-VOC Materials
Low-VOC and Zero-VOC Paints
An increasing number of manufacturers now offer paints with reduced or no VOC content. These alternatives are not only safer for indoor environments but also have a lower odor during application⁷.
Green Seal Certified Products
Products with a Green Seal certification undergo rigorous testing to ensure they adhere to strict VOC emission standards. This certification can be found on a range of building materials and products⁸.
Natural Material Choices
Opting for natural materials, like solid wood, bamboo, or linoleum flooring, can reduce the VOC content in interiors. Moreover, natural adhesives, made from plant-based sources, present a safer option⁹.
Enhancing Indoor Air Quality
Ventilation Strategies
Increasing ventilation, especially after renovation or the introduction of new furniture, can significantly reduce VOC concentrations indoors¹⁰.
Air Purifying Plants
Certain houseplants, like the spider plant and peace lily, are known to absorb and neutralize VOCs, serving as natural air purifiers¹¹.
Regular Maintenance
Regular cleaning, using low-VOC cleaning products, and changing HVAC filters can maintain optimal indoor air quality.
Moving Towards Healthier Built Environments
Reducing VOCs is not just about adhering to building standards but about safeguarding health and well-being. As the construction industry becomes increasingly aware of its broader societal impacts, the push towards sustainable and health-conscious materials will only intensify.
References
- Hodgson, A. T. (2002). Volatile organic compounds in indoor air: A review of concentrations measured in North America since 1990. LBL.
- Wolkoff, P. (1995). Volatile organic compounds—sources, measurements, emissions, and the impact on indoor air quality. Indoor Air.
- Brown, S. K. (2002). Volatile organic pollutants in new and established buildings in Melbourne, Australia. Indoor Air.
- Mendell, M. J. (2007). Indoor residential chemical emissions as risk factors for respiratory and allergic effects in children. Indoor Air.
- Hodgson, A. T., Beal, D., & McIlvaine, J. E. (2002). Sources of formaldehyde, other VOCs and natural organic compounds in a new manufactured house. Indoor Air.
- Baur, S. (2000). Volatile organic compounds and indoor air pollution. APT Bulletin.
- Myers, G. (2009). Low-VOC and Zero-VOC Paints. Green Building Advisor.
- Green Seal Standards. Green Seal.
- Jones, A. P. (1999). Indoor air quality and health. Atmospheric Environment.
- Seppänen, O., & Fisk, W. J. (2002). Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air.
- Wolverton, B. C. (1989). Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement. NASA.
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